Cultural Anthropology
Gram
Culture 9 QUIZ

NOTE: This is now a 15 question quiz.
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1. A RABBIT'S FOOT (WHEN DETACHED FROM THE RABBIT AND CARRIED AROUND BY A MEMBER OF AMERICAN CULTURE) WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING RELIGIOUS BELIEFS?
 DIVINATION
 ANIMISM
 ANIMALISM
 SPIRIT POSSESSION
 MANA
 

2. According to the article on 'Baseball' which of the following baseball players are most likely to rely on magic to help them in their game?
 pitchers
 batters
 outfielders
 second basemen
 umpires--who 'really' need all the help they can get!
 

3. BELIEFS IN ANCESTRAL SPIRITS GENERALLY
 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BELIEF IN SOULS WHICH CAN EXIST APART FROM THEIR BODIES.
 PROVIDE A SENSE OF CONTINUITY IN TIME FROM PAST TO PRESENT TO FUTURE.
 ATTRIBUTE A CONTINUATION OF VERY HUMAN EMOTIONS, NEEDS AND BEHAVIORS.
 ASSUME THESE BEINGS RETAIN AN ACTIVE INTEREST IN THE DAILY LIVES OF THE LIVING.
 ALL OF THE ABOVE TEND TO BE CHARACTERSTIC ASPECTS OF BELIEFS IN ANCESTOR SPIRITS.
 

4. Why, according to Lappe's article, CAN'T people in "developing" countries feed themselves?
 Because soils are too poor, and water too scarce, in most of these "Third World" countries to support effective farming .
 Because people in these countries have different attitudes towards work than do the more achievement-oriented nations, and are just not motivated to work hard enough to support themselves.
 Because industrialized countries have taken over much of the productive land and labor in the "Third World", for use in producing profit-making (for the Europeans) export crops.
 Because people in these usually tropical regions are so exhausted by malaria and other tropical diseases, that they haven't the energy to produce enough to feed themselves and their families.
 Because these people's primitive technologies and backward cultural traditions prevent them from trying new, more efficient ideas or techniques that would improve their lot.
 

5. A major function of a rite of passage is
 to appease gods who are angry at people's sins.
 to provide a socially approved outlet for people with unstable personality problems.
 to drive witches and sorcerers from the community.
 to unite a whole community in an effort to avert disaster.
 to signal the community that an individual now occupies a new status, and should be treated, and will behave, differently than before.
 

6. THE BELIEF THAT THERE EXISTS IN CERTAIN OBJECTS OR PERSONS AN IMPERSONAL SUPERNATURAL POWER, WITH NO WILL OF ITS OWN, THAT CAN NONETHELESS AFFECT OR BE USED BY HUMANS IS CALLED:
 ANIMATISM
 DIVINATION.
 ANIMISM.
 SPIRIT POSSESSION.
 DIVINE REVELATION.
 

7. The terms separation, transition, and incorporation label stages in:
 Karimojong yearly movements from stock camp to homestead.
 the circular movement of generation set social systems.
 the ox spearing ceremony.
 rites of passage.
 relations between homesteads.
 

8. Where IS 'Fat a Mark of Beauty'?
 In Zimbabwe, Africa, where being fat confers some resistance against the AIDS virus
 Among the Maasai cattle herders of East Africa, where extra weight is thought to give warriors, especially, greater endurance
 Among the Efik people of southeastern Nigeria, where fatness in a girl or woman is taken as a sign of prosperity and good health
 Among the Inuit (Eskimo) of the Arctic, where fat is essential to survive the bitterly cold winters
 In India, where plump girls are believed to be of better disposition: cheerful, content, and docile
 

9. THE AUTHOR OF YOUR TEXT SUGGEST THAT RELIGION:
 DEVELOPS IN A CULTURE ONLY WHEN THERE IS SUFFICIENT LEISURE TIME AND PREDICTABLE SECURITY IN PEOPLE'S LIVES TO PERMIT THEM TO PHILOSOPHIZE ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND CAUSES OF THINGS.
 IS A SET OF ULTIMATELY HARMFUL FANTASIES, IMAGININGS, ILLUSIONS, OR DELUSIONS THAT PREVENT PEOPLE FROM PERCEIVING AND RESPONDING TO THE WORLD AS IT REALLY IS.
 ARISES OUT OF DEEPLY FELT EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS--THE FEARS, ANGERS, DOUBTS, OR GRIEFS PEOPLE FEEL WHEN FACED WITH FORCES IN THE WORLD THAT SEEM TO BE BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL.
 BY DEFINITION INVOLVES A BELIEF IN A SINGLE HIGH GOD WHO CREATED THE WORLD AND CONTROLS THE DESTINIES OF ITS INHABITANTS.
 IS A LOGICAL, RATIONAL, INTELLECTUAL SYSTEM FOR LEARNING AND EXPLAINING HOW THE WORLD WORKS.
 

10. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", what were "marketing boards", and what was their effect in the colonies?
 Marketing Boards were councils of local (native) producers who met to share ideas for increasing farming efficiency.
 Marketing boards, set up by colonial governments, purchased native crops at low prices and sold them in Europe at high prices.
 Marketing boards, set up by colonial governments, saw to it that natives were paid fair prices for good they produced for sale in European markets.
 Marketing boards were native councils that managed the local and regional food markets, long the primary centers for redistribution in most of the African and Asian societies.
 

11. As described in 'Baseball', which of the following behaviors of baseball players could be seen as illustrating belief in 'Mana'?
 wearing the same clothes game after game.
 using a bat only a certain number of times, and not at all if it has been ritually mishandled.
 keeping 'lucky' bobbypins in a particular pocket.
 tagging bases in particular sequences when coming on or off the field.
 all of the above behaviors illustrate beliefs in something like mana.
 

12. In which of the following societies would you expect to find a strong set of beliefs in goddesses, rather than in gods?
 In food-foraging societies, such as the Ju'/hoansi or the Inuit (Eskimo).
 In pastoral societies such as the Basseri of Iran or the ancient Hebrews.
 In societies which practice intensive agriculture, such as India or traditional Chinese.
 In horticultural societies, such as the ancient farming peoples of the Mediterranean and the Near East.
 In societies which frequently engage in and glorify war and other forms of ritual combat.
 

13. A minimal definition of religion that would apply to all human societies would be, "Religion is a belief in the existence of:
 good and evil."
 supernatural beings or powers."
 ancestral spirits."
 a supreme deity."
 souls and life after death."
 

14. THE CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUPERNATURAL THAT PEOPLE USE TO COPE WITH THE ULTIMATE PROBLEMS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE IS CALLED:
 PERSONIFIED POWER.
 MANA.
 TABOO.
 SUPERNATURAL POWER.
 RELIGION.
 

15. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", European colonial powers instituted which of the following practices into African and Asian farming?
 Colonial governments instituted large-scale cash-crop farming of goods to be sold in European markets.
 Colonial governments encouraged native farmers to try new, more productive food crops to help solve the chronic famine problems in the colonies.
 Colonial governments forced native farmers to hire large numbers of unemployed Europeans,essentially dumping European labor problems into the colonies' economies.
 Colonial governments encouraged ambitious young 'natives' to get good European educations, so they could lead their peoples into the future.
 Colonial governments mostly left the native peoples alone, to continue their own subsistence farming methods they had always used.
 

16. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEHAVIORS WOULD BE THE MOST LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE AND CLEAREST REFLECTION OF A BELIEF IN CONTAGIOUS MAGIC ?
 NOT GOING OUT AT NIGHT WHEN GHOSTS ARE OUT.
 PUTTING MONEY IN THE COLLECTION PLATE AT CHURCH.
 READING TEA LEAVES OR TAROT CARDS.
 PERSONALLY SWEEPING UP ALL YOUR HAIR CLIPPINGS AND TAKING THEM HOME TO BURY OR FLUSH DOWN THE TOILET.
 PRAYING TO YOUR PERSONAL GUARDIAN SPIRIT.
 

17. According to the definitions and descriptions in your text, which of the following from American culture would best illustrate the concept of animism?
 in vampire movies, holding a cross in front of oneself to negate the power of evil.
 the act of walking around, rather than underneath a ladder.
 leaving cookies and milk for Santa Claus to find on Christmas eve.
 the lucky charm or blue jeans a student wears to a final exam.
 practising yoga as a form of meditation.
 

18. Anthropologists study religious beliefs in order to
 prove the existence of a supreme being.
 search for the true metaphysical answer to the fundamental questions of human existence.
 discover and demonstrate the functions served by religions in human societies.
 show that science can answer most questions about what religions hold to be "unknowns".
 demonstrate the human capacity for self-delusion.
 

19. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS WHO CONTROL SUPERNATURAL POWER, OFTEN HAVE A PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND ARE LIKELY TO KNOW MAGICAL SPELLS AND MEDICINES ARE CALLED:
 LAYMEN.
 SHAMANS.
 PRIESTS.
 WITCHES.
 ALL OF THE ABOVE
 

20. THE CONCEPT THAT A QUESTION NUMBERED 13 MAY CAUSE YOU TO GET IT WRONG, JUST BECAUSE IT IS THE NUMBER 13, WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF
 MANA.
 ANIMISM.
 DIVINE JUSTICE.
 THE WORKINGS OF SATAN.
 IMITATIVE MAGIC.
 

21. When the author of the article 'Initiation of a Maasai Warrior' was preparing to go through his own circumcision process, what was the response of his family and other relatives?
 They cursed and insulted him, distancing from him, fearing that he would shame them.
 They went through purification rituals of their own, so that they could be present at the actual ceremony.
 They sang songs of praise and encouragement, proud that he would soon be a true warrior.
 They took especially good care of him, spoiling him with favorite foods, knowing this was their last chance to treat him as a beloved child.
 They went about their daily chores in a very 'business as usual' manner, to convey the idea that this was a normal part of life and 'no big deal.'
 

22. Among the Maasai, the three stage age set system serves which of the following functions in the society?
 The age set create strong bonds of cooperation and loyalty among men who must work together to run the affairs of the tribe.
 The system prevents young men from competing with their elders for women or political power.
 It assigns important tasks for each set to do, which make good use of the particular physical or social capabilities of each age group.
 The system cuts across kinship lines, integrating males from several different descent groups.
 The age-set system serves all of these functions for the Maasai.
 

23. The belief that supernatural powers can be compelled to act in certain ways, for good or evil, by a practitioner using specific formulas is called:
 prayer.
 magic
 witchcraft.
 divination
 animism
 

24. How do the women in the 'Maasai Women' movie respond to the male-dominated, male-centered society in which they live?
 They do not perceive their society as 'male-centered' or that their own lives are controlled by men.
 They know that they have their own superior spiritual female power and so 'allow' the men the illusion of 'running things.'
 They express a lot of anger and resentment about the structure of their society, but feel powerless to make any move to change things.
 They readily accept their lives as the way 'things have always been,' and seem content to live according to their culture's rules.
 Influenced by modern Western/European ideas, the younger Maasai women are beginning to insist on more rights of 'self-defemination' for themselves and their daughters.
 

25. A BELIEF IN SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, SUCH AS GHOSTS, ANCESTORS, SPIRITS OR GODDESSES, WHO CAN ACTIVELY INTERVENE IN HUMAN LIVES, IS CALLED
 SPIRIT POSSESSION
 RELIGION
 ANIMISM
 MANA
 MAGIC
 

26. IN MELANESIA AND PARTS OF POLYNESIA, OBJECTS COULD BE ENDOWED WITH SO MUCH IMPERSONAL SUPERNATURAL FORCE THAT THEY WERE DANGEROUS. THEY WERE SAID TO BE:
 MANA.
 BEWITCHED.
 DIVINED.
 POSSESSED.
 TABU.
 

27. Beliefs in witchcraft can serve which of the following functions?
 It can channel anxiety, hostility, and frustration towards scapegoats in a way that limits the disruption of a whole socity.
 It can work as a social control mechanism, to discourage anti-social behaviors that could cause an individual to be accused of being a witch.
 It can give people an explanation for misfortune, and some ways of dealing with it, and thus lessen anxiety.
 All of the above are possible latent functions of witchcraft beliefs.
 None of the above.Beliefs in witchcraft only generate more anxiety and hostility.
 

28. The myth told in the movie 'Maasai Women' that explains why women are so controlled by and dependent upon men centers on which of the following ideas or themes?
 that First Woman was created from the flesh of First Man; thus women would have no existence at all were it not for the prior presence of men
 that women neglected their own herds of animals, which then became wild, leaving women dependent on the animals owned by men
 that women, being by nature the weaker sex, are not capable of doing the hard physical labor of herding cattle or building homes that Maasai life depends upon
 that First Woman was created from the soft flesh of the cow, while First Man was created from the study bone
 that the herds originally owned by women were stolen from them by men, who thus assumed control of Maasai life through force and treachery
 

29. Shamans usually regard their ability to perform sleight-of-hand tricks for their clients as
 a lucrative hypocrisy which fools their clients into believing they (the shamans) have supernatural powers which the shamans themselves don't believe in.
 a proof of their supernatural powers, without which they would not be able to do these tricks.
 genuinely supernaturally produced effects and not "tricks" at all.
 a form of fraud, in doing which they figure people deserve to be ripped off for being stupid enough to believe in supernatural powers.
 a deceitfulness which they feel they must do in order to earn their fees, but of which they feel deeply ashamed.
 

30. 'DIVINATION' IS
 THE FINAL STAGE IN TAKING THE FORMAL VOWS OF PRIESTHOOD
 THE TRANSFORMATION OF A ONCE LIVING PERSON INTO A SEMI-DIVINE BEING SUCH AS A SAINT.
 THE USE OF MAGICAL PROCEDURE TO DISCOVER THE CAUSE OF A PARTICULAR EVENT.
 THE OFFERING OF A SACRIFICE TO APPEASE, OR TO REQUEST FAVORS FROM, THE LOCAL DEITIES.
 THE PROCESS BY WHICH SHAMAN ACQUIRES SUPERNATURAL POWERS
 

31. A SORCERER ATTEMPTING TO HARM SOMEONE BY USING HIS VICTIM'S HAIR OR FINGERNAIL CLIPPINGS WOULD BE USING
 TABUS
 DIVINATION
 IMITATIVE MAGIC
 CONTAGIOUS MAGIC
 PRAYER
 

32. In the shantytowns of Brazil (as described in the article, "Death Without Weeping"), how do mothers explain the deaths of so many of their infants?
 The mothers explain the high infant mortality as the result of the grinding poverty in which they are forced to live.
 The mothers believe that Jesus has called the babies back to Heaven, to be with Him.
 The mothers know that the babies are starving to death, and could be saved by better care.
 The mothers believe that Satan has stolen their babies, because they are so beautiful...and that there's no way to fight the devil.
 The mothers blame themselves for not knowing how to provide the care their infants need, and feel each loss with both guilt and grief.
 

33. A TERM ANTHROPOLOGISTS OFTEN USED TO LABEL IMPERSONAL SUPERNATURAL FORCE IS:
 TABOO.
 WITCHCRAFT.
 DIVINATION
 MANA.
 MAGIC.
 

34. A REALM THAT IS BEYOND HUMAN EXPERIENCE, BUT WHICH IS OPEN OR ACCESSIBLE TO PEOPLE IS CALLED:
 MAGIC.
 THE SUPERNATURAL.
 THE NATURAL.
 THE SACRIFICIAL.
 TABOO.
 

35. FOLK CONCEPTS OF GHOSTS, SPIRITS, ANCESTRAL SPIRITS, AND MANA ARE, ACCORDING TO MOST ANTHROPOLOGISTS, SIGNS OF BELIEF IN:
 THE SUPERNATURAL.
 TABOO.
 MAGIC.
 IMPERSONAL SUPERNATURAL FORCE.
 SACRIFICE.
 


37. In his account of his own initiation as a Maasai warrior, one of the author's biggest challenges as a newly circumcised man was
 to successfully approach and sleep with a Maasai woman for the first time.
 to successfully track and kill a lion on his own
 to learn by heart the complex sacred songs and rituals that adult men must know to communicate with the ancestors
 to go on his first raid on a neighboring enemy's herd of cattle
 to go alone into the wilderness with no food or weapons on a vision quest, seeking the lifelong aid of supernatural spirit guardians
 

39. Which of the following is the best example of divination?
 having your fortune told by a palm reader or an astrologer.
 a church or temple conferring sainthood upon a particularly virtuous person.
 attending a prayer meeting
 wearing a symbol of your religious faith.
 having a belief in an afterlife in a heaven-like place.
 

40. WHEN A MAYAN MAKES A SACRIFICE TO THE SPIRITS OF THE FOREST HE IS ABOUT TO CUT DOWN AND BURN IN ORDER TO MAKE A NEW CORN GARDEN, HE IS DEMONSTRATING A BELIEF IN WHAT ANTHROPOLOGISTS CALL:
 MANA.
 ANCESTRAL SPIRITS.
 CREATOR GODS.
 ANIMATION.
 ANIMISM.
 

41. In the Applied Anthropology insert in the text chapter on religion, the goal of the anthropologist sent to study the health-related beliefs of the Swazi of Southern Africa was to
 find ways to convince the Swazi of the ineffectiveness of their traditional cures, which were based on superstition.
 teach Swazi people about germs and the dangers of poor sanitation and unclean water,
 to develop programs to train traditional Swazi healers in Western medical theory and techniques.
 to find ways to introduce Western medicines or techniques that would be compatible with, and make use of, the traditional Swazi health care system.
 to set up a series of regional health clinics which would give Swazi people easier access to the Western health care they clearly wanted.
 

42. How have advances in scientific knowledge affected the practices of religion in Western societies?
 The new uncertainties and problems posed by scientific "breakthroughs" have probably contributed to a notable increase in religious beliefs and activity in recent years.
 Belief in supernatural causation or intervention has decreased as science has explained more of the workings of the universe.
 Science hasn't really had any effect on religious activity in Western countries, because the two modes of thought are completely separate,self-perpetuating systems, with separate clientele.
 Science and religion have merged into a single universal set of known truths about the universe.
 Religious beliefs continue to be held, but are increasingly acted upon in private, as believers are ashamed to publicly admit their irratuinality.
 

43. As described in the 'Baseball' article, which of the following behaviors of baseball players would best illustrate a belief in 'imitative magic'?
 eating pancakes for lunch on the day of a game.
 refusing to allow uniforms to be washed or cleaned during a winning streak.
 taking the same route to the ballpark each day.
 keeping a lucky coin or stone in a pocket.
 refusing to wear uniforms with certain numbers on them.
 

44. As seen in the movie, 'Maasai Women,' when important occasions call for a blessing ritual, Maasai do which of the following?
 They draw a 'safety circle' in the air in front of the faces of individuals to be blessed.
 They pass around a gourd of previously blessed water, from which everyone present takes a sip.
 They smear or spray milk on the faces of the individuals to be blessed.
 The laibon, or prophet, places his hand upon the head of each person to be blessed.
 The headman of the village makes an offering at the main ancestor shrine on behalf of his people.
 

45. According to Initiation of a Maasai Warrior after recovering from the operation, how did the lives of a newly circumcised men differ from their lives prior to circumcision?
 Once circumcised, the yound men were sent to instensive training camps to learn the fighting skills they would need as true warriors
 After circumcision, young men married the brides chosen for them by their parents, to begin having children to add to the lineages and clans
 After circumcision, young Maasai men gave up the carefree lives of boys, to assume adult responsibilities of managing the homestead
 After circumcision, the young men roamed the plains in groups, looking for adventure and girls
 After circumcision, the young men no longer enjoyed sexual freedom that had been permitted in their 'wild and reckless' youth
 

46. According to Lappe's article, "Why Can't People Feed Themselves?", how were peasants in the colonies motivated to work on European-owned plantations?
 They were literally coerced, with guns and whips, to work the Europeans' fields.
 They were required to pat colonial taxes, for which they needed cash, and therefore had to work for wages.
 The best farming lands were taken over by the colonial governments and companies, leaving the local 'native' people unable to support themselves unless they worked for wages on European plantations
 All of the above were strategies explicitly developed by Europeans to assure themselves a cheap labor supply.
 None of the above tactics - the benefits and purchasing power of cash were readily apparent, and wage work was eagerly adopted by most native peoples.
 

47. Which of the following would qualify as a rite of passage?
 celebrating Christmas by going to midnight mass.
 consulting a palm reader.
 wearing a lucky bracelet
 going to your place of worship every week.
 none of the above, of themselves, is a rite of passage
 

48. THE ACT OF GIVING UP SOMETHING OF VALUE TO INFLUENCE SUPERNATURAL BEINGS IS CALLED:
 SACRIFICE.
 PRAYER.
 DIVINATION.
 MAGIC.
 SORCERY.
 

49. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS WHO MEDIATE BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THE SUPERNATURAL ARE CALLED:
 WITCHES.
 SHAMANS.
 DIVINERS.
 PRIESTS.
 LAY PEOPLE.
 

50. Among the Maasai of East Africa, the 'moran' or warrior age set
 are encouraged to marry and start families soon after initiation in order to start producing the future warriors
 live as a group apart and hidden from the rest of the community
 must keep their heads shaved to symbolize their continued incompleteness and immaturity
 are not allowed to marry, so they must have their mothers do all the work that is appropriately women's work
 are the group responsibile for herding and protecting the cattle from predators or raiders
 

51. A shaman
 usually operates as an individual - both in acquiring skills and in practicing.
 is almost always a woman.
 would never be found in a modern industrial society.
 usually belongs to a local organization of religious practitioners.
 is usually appointed to a position as religious specialist by a community's political leaders.
 

52. According to the "Baseball" article, how do players learn the rituals or taboos that they will need to play successfully?
 The team coach counsels each player, suggesting a combination of rituals that will fit each player's individual needs.
 Each player goes on a kind of 'vision quest' when a rookie, and in dreams, receives instructions from Hall of Fame players, as to what rituals will work best.
 Each player tries to remember everything he did on the day of a successful game, and to repeat those behaviors exactly as long as they bring him success.
 Each rookie player 'apprentices' to a more experienced player, and tends to adopt that 'teacher's' rituals.
 On the day of a game, each player takes time to pray for help and guidance, and then attributes success or failure to the will of God.
 

53. The demand by "developed" countries for such items as coffee, chocolate, tea, cotton, and beef has had which of the following consequences?
 An increase in the standard of living of the world's former "subsistence farmers", who now have more reliable paid employment on plantations and ranches.
 An increase in famine and poverty in the "Third World", as former "subsistence farmers" are pushed off their lands to make way for the huge farms/ranches, which produce cash crops for export.
 A more efficient use of energy, water, and land resources, as the superior 'agribusiness' technology and knowledge are applied to "Third World" settings.
 A lessening of population pressure in the cities, as urban workers can now return to the countryside as agricultural laborers.
 A decrease in "Third World" countries' national debts, as the proceeds from multinational agribusiness projects enable governments to pay off long-standing loans.
 

54. Which of the following beliefs would you expect to find among the Mbuti pygmies of the Ituri rainforest?
 A strong preoccupation with goddesses of fertility.
 A view of the forest as being inhabited by the spirit beings of the animals and plants the Mbuti depend upon for food.
 A belief in a pantheon of powerful, authoritarian gods, who are quick to discipline their Mbuti servants.
 A focus on clan ancestors, who continue to be interested in the affairs of their living Mbuti descendants.
 None of the above: foragers like the Mbuti are too primitive to have developed any beliefs complex enough to be termed "religious".
 

55. In a Maasai girl's rite of passage to adulthood, (as seen in the movie 'Maasai Women'), which of the following events mark her 'separation' from her child status?
 She is 'circumcised' or undergoes a clitoridectomy.
 She gives away her jewelry to a younger sister.
 Her head is shaved.
 All of the above.
 None of the above: In this patrilineal society, leaving her village upon marriage is what separates her from her childhood
 

56. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF A PRIEST?
 CONTROL OF SUPERNATURAL POWER
 PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPERNATURAL BEINGS
 USE OF SPELLS AND MEDICINES
 ASSOCIATION WITH CURING
 FULL TIME RELIGIOUS SPECIALIZATION
 

57. WHEN A SUPERNATURAL BEING ENTERS AND CONTROLS THE BEHAVIOR OF A HUMAN BEING SO THAT THE PERSON IS THOUGHT TO BE THE SUPERNATURAL BEING, THE EVENT IS CALLED:
 SPIRIT POSSESSION.
 WITCHCRAFT.
 GHOST INTRUSION.
 INTERNAL SORCERY.
 PERSONAL MANA.
 

58. How do the women speaking for themselves, in the 'Maasai Women' movie, feel about female circumcision for themselves and for their daughters.
 They express happiness about it; their daughters look forward to it as their entry into womanhood.
 They regard the painfulness of this operation as a difficult but necessary experience for girls to go through in order to 'toughen them up' for adult life.
 They resent the whole idea and practice of female circumcision as something they are forced to do in their male-dominated society.
 They dislike the practice, but accept it, with an air of resignation, as something that must be done simply because it is their custom.
 They are just now beginning to question the traditional thinking about this practice as they come to understand the true health risks involved
 

59. The term 'mana' refers to
 a Melanesian Big Man who is also a shaman.
 a kind of impersonal supernatural power believed to exist in certain objects or persons.
 the special currency Melanesians pay to their shamans for performing certain rituals.
 a drug-induced "high", or state of religious ecstacy.
 a sacred bread used on ceremonial occasions.
 

60. PRIESTS ARE RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS WHO CONTROL SUPERNATURAL POWER AND ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH CURING.
 TRUE
 FALSE
 
 
38. SHAMANS ARE RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS WHO INTERPRET THE MORAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF RELIGION.
 TRUE
 FALSE

36. IN SOME PARTS OF POLYNESIA, CHIEFS WERE BORN WITH SUCH HIGH LEVELS OF MANA THAT IT WAS THOUGHT THAT THEIR TOUCH WOULD HARM COMMONERS WHO POSESSED LITTLE MANA.
 TRUE
 FALSE

    
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